Match List - I with List - II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

The correct answer is Option (2) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

A. Lamarck - Use and disuse of organs: Lamarck proposed an early theory of evolution that suggested acquired traits during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to the next generation. Lamarck's theory included the idea that organisms could change over time in response to their environment, and these changes would be inherited by their offspring. He also proposed the concept of the use and disuse of organs, where he believed that organs an organism used frequently would develop and those not used would deteriorate over generations.

B. Darwin - Evolution by natural selection: Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. His work, particularly outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species," introduced the concept that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.

C. Malthus wrote about population growth and its limits, influencing Darwin's ideas about competition and natural selection.

D. In the first decade of twentieth century, Hugo deVries based on his work on evening primrose brought forth the idea of mutations – large difference arising suddenly in a population. He believed that it is mutation which causes evolution and not the minor variations (heritable) that Darwin talked about. Mutations are random and directionless while Darwinian variations are small and directional. Evolution for Darwin was gradual while deVries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called it saltation (single step large mutation).