Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

In the words of R. C. Mazumdar, there is, however, no basis for the claim that the Civil Disobedience Movement directly led to independence. The campaigns of Mahatma Gandhi came to an ignoble end about fourteen year before India achieved independence. During the First World War, the Indian revolutionaries sought to take advantage of German help in the shape of war materials to free the country by armed revolt. However, this attempt did not met with desired results. During the Second World War, Subhash Chandra Bose followed the same method, and formed the Indian National Army. In spite of brilliant planning and initial success, the violent campaigns of Subhash Chandra Bose also failed. The battles for India’s freedom were also being fought against Britain, though indirectly, by Adolf Hitler in Europe, and in Japan (Asia). None of these achieved direct success, but few would deny that it was the cumulative effect of all the three that brought freedom to India. In particular, the revelations made by the Indian National Army trial, and the reaction it produced in India, made it quite plain to the British, already exhausted by the war, that they could no longer depend upon the loyalty of the sepoys for maintaining their authority in India. This had probably the greatest influence upon their final decision to quit India.

Question-2

Which of the factors led to the independence of India?

All of the above

The correct answer is: OPTION 4 - All of the above

All of the factors mentioned - the Civil Disobedience Movement, sacrifices made by the Indian National Army, and signs of revolt in the British Indian Army - contributed to India's independence. Each played a role in shaping the course of events that eventually led to the end of British rule in India. The Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi, mobilized mass participation and demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance against colonial authority. The sacrifices made by members of the Indian National Army under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose highlighted the determination and courage of Indian nationalists in their fight for independence. Additionally, the signs of revolt within the British Indian Army signaled growing discontent and undermined British confidence in maintaining control over India. Collectively, these factors exerted pressure on the British government and contributed to their decision to grant independence to India.