Which of the following practices are included in organic farming?

All of the above.

(a) Utilization of fertilizers and pesticides derived from biological sources.

(b) Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques.

(c) Adoption of locally developed pest-resistant crop varieties.

The correct answer is (d) All of the above.

Organic farming is an agricultural approach that emphasizes the use of natural and environmentally friendly practices to cultivate crops and raise livestock. It involves avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Instead, organic farming promotes the use of sustainable and organic methods to maintain soil fertility, control pests and diseases, and promote overall ecosystem health.

The options mentioned in the question all align with the principles of organic farming:

(a) Use of fertilizers and pesticides of biological origin: Organic farming encourages the use of fertilizers and pesticides derived from natural sources, such as compost, manure, green manure, and biopesticides. These inputs are considered organic and are utilized to enhance soil fertility and manage pests and diseases in a more environmentally friendly manner.

(b) IPM (Integrated Pest Management): IPM is a key component of organic farming. It involves the integration of various pest management techniques, including biological control, cultural practices, monitoring, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary. IPM focuses on preventing and managing pests by considering the ecological balance and minimizing the use of synthetic chemical pesticides.

(c) Locally developed pest-resistant varieties: Organic farming often promotes the use of locally adapted and pest-resistant crop varieties. These varieties are selected and bred for their natural resistance to pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical interventions and enhancing the sustainability of farming systems.

Therefore, all of the options (a), (b), and (c) are correct in describing practices that are commonly associated with organic farming.

Organic farming practices include:

• Crop rotation
• Cover cropping
• Integrated pest management (IPM)
• Biological pest control
• Use of compost and manure
• Use of locally adapted crop varieties
• Animal welfare