Match List-I with List-II.
Match the theories/concepts given in List-I with the eminent personalities given in List-II:
| LIST-I (Theories / Concepts) | LIST-II (Important personalities) | ||
| (A) | Theory of collective action | (I) | Emile Durkheim |
| (B) | Theory of Resource mobilization | (II) | Mancur Olson |
| (C) | Division of labour in society | (III) | McCarthy and Zald |
| (D) | Unquiet woods | (IV) | Ram Chandra Guha |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) Theory of collective action — this matches (II) Mancur Olson. Olson’s book The Logic of Collective Action argues that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individuals pursuing their self-interest: a person joins only if the gains are more than the risks.
(B) Theory of Resource mobilization — this matches (III) McCarthy and Zald. Their resource mobilisation theory rejected Olson’s view and held that a movement succeeds when it can mobilise resources such as leadership, organisational capacity and communication facilities.
(C) Division of labour in society — this matches (I) Emile Durkheim. Durkheim’s writings about the division of labour in society show his concern with how social structures enable social integration.
(D) Unquiet woods — this matches (IV) Ram Chandra Guha. In his book Unquiet Woods, Ramachandra Guha describes how villagers of the Chipko movement rallied together to save the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages.
Note: The section ‘Theories of Social Movements’ of the chapter ‘Social Movements’, which carried Mancur Olson’s theory of collective action and McCarthy and Zald’s resource mobilisation theory, was there in the pre-rationalised NCERT, the textbook of 2022. This section has been deleted from the NCERT book (2025-26), though the chapter is still there.
NCERT (2025-26): “Why the Study of Social Movements is Important for Sociology … Poor labourers and artisans who had left the countryside to find work in the cities protested against the inhuman living conditions into which they were forced. Food riots in England were often suppressed by the government. These protests were perceived by elites as a major threat to the established order of society. Their anxiety about maintaining social order was reflected in the work of sociologist Emile Durkheim. Durkheim’s writings about the division of labour in society, forms of religious life, and even suicide, mirror his concern about how social structures enable social integration. Social movements were seen as forces that led to disorder.…” “8.4 Ecological Movements … According to Ramachandra Guha in his book, Unquiet Woods, villagers rallied together to save the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages. When government forest contractors came to cut down the trees, villagers, including large number of women, stepped forward to hug the trees to prevent their being felled.…” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “Theories of Social Movements … Mancur Olson’s book The Logic of Collective Action argues that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest. A person will join a social movement only if s/he will gain something from it. S/he will participate only if the risks are less than the gains. Olson’s theory is based on the notion of the rational, utility-maximising individual. Do you think people always calculate individual costs and benefits before undertaking any action?” “McCarthy and Zald’s proposed resource mobilisation theory rejected Olson’s assumption that social movements are made up of individuals pursuing their self-interest. Instead, they argued that a social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilise resources or means of different sorts. If a movement can muster resources such as leadership, organisational capacity, and communication facilities, and can use them within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.…” |