The correct answer is Option (4) → (A), (C), (D) Only
Given statements about Jain philosophy:
(A) Stones, rocks and water have life. (Correct)
(B) One cannot be freed from the cycle of karma through penance and asceticism.
(C) Monastic existence is necessary for salvation. (Correct)
(D) The cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped by karma. (Correct)
(E) Freeing oneself from the cycle of karma cannot be achieved by renouncing the world.
The basic philosophy of the Jainas was already in existence in north India before the birth of Vardhamana, who came to be known as Mahavira, in the sixth century BCE. According to Jaina tradition, Mahavira was preceded by 23 other teachers or tirthankaras – literally, those who guide men and women across the river of existence.
The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life. Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy. In fact the principle of ahimsa, emphasised within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as a whole. According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma. Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world; therefore, monastic existence is a necessary condition of salvation. Jaina monks and nuns took five vows: to abstain from killing, stealing and lying; to observe celibacy; and to abstain from possessing property. |
