Match Column I with Column II :

1-d,2-a,3-b,4-c

The correct answer is Option (2) - 1-d,2-a,3-b,4-c

Darwin - Evolution by natural selection: Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. His work, particularly outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species," introduced the concept that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.

Lamarck - Use and disuse of organs: Lamarck proposed an early theory of evolution that suggested acquired traits during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to the next generation. Lamarck's theory included the idea that organisms could change over time in response to their environment, and these changes would be inherited by their offspring. He also proposed the concept of the use and disuse of organs, where he believed that organs an organism used frequently would develop and those not used would deteriorate over generations.

Homology - thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita. Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology.

Analogy - eye of the octopus and of mammals. Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.