In the nineteenth century, how did the poor migrants create a lively urban culture of their own in the cities?

Both Options, 1 and 2

The correct answer is Option 3 - Both Options, 1 and 2

Option 1- Participating in tamashas
Option 2- Participating in swangs
Option 3- Both Options, 1 and 2
Option 4- Neither 1 nor 2

Another new class within the cities was the labouring poor or the working class. Paupers from rural areas flocked to the cities in the hope of employment. Some saw cities as places of opportunity; others were attracted by the allure of a different way of life, by the desire to see things they had never seen before. To minimise the costs of living in the city, most male migrants left their families behind in their village homes. Life in the city was a struggle; jobs were uncertain, food was expensive, and places to stay were difficult to afford. Yet the poor often created a lively urban culture of their own. They were enthusiastic participants in religious festivals, tamashas (folk theatre) and swangs (satires) which often mocked the pretensions of their masters, Indian and European.