Which of the following is not a difference between forest movements of the South and those of the North?

Wilderness campaigns were initiated in the South. In contrast, in the North there are has no such camapigns.

The correct answer is Option (3) → Wilderness campaigns were initiated in the South. In contrast, in the North there are has no such camapigns.

This statement is the opposite of the truth. Wilderness campaigns and the concept of "wilderness" as a place to be protected from human habitation are a hallmark of environmental movements in the North (developed countries like the U.S. and Canada). The goal of these campaigns is often to preserve vast, unpopulated areas. In contrast, environmental movements in the South (developing countries) are typically driven by the direct need of people for resources and livelihood, as many people live in or depend on forests for survival. Therefore, their focus is on sustainable use and the rights of forest-dwelling communities, not on creating "wilderness" devoid of people.

"What distinguishes the forest movements of the South from those of the North is that the forests of the former are still peopled, whilst the forests of the latter are more or less devoid of human habitat or, at least, are perceived as thus. This explains to some extent the prevailing notion of wilderness in the North as a ‘wild place’ where people do not live. In this perspective, humans are not seen as part of nature. In other words, ‘environment’ is perceived as ‘somewhere out there’, as something that should be protected from humans through the creation of parks and reserves. On the other hand, most environmental issues in the South are based on the assumption that people live in the forests".