Read the following passage and answer the question by choosing the correct option :-
Trauma means 'a deeply distressing or disturbing experience.' Have you ever experienced trauma? If so, how did you deal with it? A traumatic experience such as a car accident or a natural disaster may last only for a short time, while other traumatic experiences such as war, persecution, bullying, discrimination, and so on can last for a long time. One thing common to all these traumatic experiences is its lasting effect. People who have experienced a form of trauma often have to deal with their pain for a long time afterwards. The damaging effect of trauma may lead people to change their identity:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events, or trauma, Someone with PTSD often relives the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks. and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt. They may also have problems sleeping (insomnia) and find concentrating difficult. These symptoms are often severe and persistent enough to have significant impact on the person's day-to-day life.
Here are some types of events that can cause PTSD:
- Serious road accidents
- Violent personal assaults, such as sexual assault, mugging or robbery
- Prolonged sexual abuse, violence or severe neglect
- Witnessing violent deaths
- Military combat
- Being held hostage
- Terrorist attacks
- Natural disasters, such as severe floods, earthquakes or tsunamis.
Do you know anyone who has experienced any of the above? How can you help someone who has suffered trauma?
Which one out of the following is not the outcome of PTSD?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → personal assault
The passage lists "Violent personal assaults, such as sexual assault, mugging or robbery" among the types of events that can cause PTSD. A personal assault is therefore a cause of the disorder, not one of its outcomes.
Why the Other Options are Incorrect?
Option 1: nightmares and flashbacks — Incorrect. True in the passage: the passage says a person with PTSD often relives the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks, so they are an outcome.
Option 2: insomnia — Incorrect. True in the passage: sufferers "may also have problems sleeping (insomnia)"; insomnia is one of the symptoms.
Option 4: feelings of isolation — Incorrect. True in the passage: the passage says they "may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt", so this too is an outcome.