Which among the following cause alteration in chromosomes ?

All of these

The correct answer is Option (4)- All of these

All of the mentioned options—deletions, insertions, and duplications—can cause alterations in chromosomes. These are types of structural chromosomal abnormalities that involve changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.

• Deletions: Involve the loss of a segment of a chromosome.
• Insertions: Involve the addition of genetic material to a chromosome.
• Duplications: Involve the presence of an extra copy of a segment of a chromosome.

These alterations can lead to various genetic disorders and abnormalities. Therefore, the correct option is: All of these

Loss (deletions) or gain (insertion/duplication) of a segment of DNA, result in alteration in chromosomes. Since genes are known to be located on chromosomes, alteration in chromosomes results in abnormalities or aberrations.