Read the passage and answer the following questions.

Social change is a continuous and ongoing process. The broad historical processes of social change the sum total individual and collective actions gathered across time and space. While social movements are directed towards some specific goals, it involves long and continuous social effort and action by people. The social movements can be classified as redemptive or tranformatory. reformist and revolutionary. A redemptive social movement aims to being about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members. Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. Revolutionary social movements attempt to radically transform social relations often by capturing state power.

Which one of he following is not a characteristic of social movements?

Orientation of social movements are fixed

Orientation of social movements are not fixed and may shift over time.

Most social  movements have a mix of redemptive, reformist and revolutionary elements. Or the orientation of a social movement may shift over time such that it starts off with, say, revolutionary objectives and becomes reformist. A movement may start from a phase of mass mobilisation and collective protest to become more institutionalised. Social scientists who study the life cycles of social movements call this a move towards ‘social movement organisations’.