Arrange the following steps in sequence of their occurance in the process of genetic modification of an organism.

(A) Cutting of desirable genes and vector DNA by molecular scissors.
(B) Introduction and maintenance of recombinant DNA in the host cell.
(C) Identification of DNA sequence with desirable gene.
(D) Linking of desirable genes with vector DNA.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(C), (A), (D), (B)

The correct answer is Option (1) → (C), (A), (D), (B)

(C) Identification of DNA sequence with desirable gene.

(A) Cutting of desirable genes and vector DNA by molecular scissors.

(D) Linking of desirable genes with vector DNA.

(B) Introduction and maintenance of recombinant DNA in the host cell.

The process of genetically modifying an organism involves important  fundamental steps:

(i) Identification of DNA with desirable genes: In this step, scientists identify and isolate the specific DNA segments that carry the desirable genes or traits they want to introduce into the target organism. These desirable genes could encode for various characteristics such as disease resistance, increased yield, improved nutritional content, or other advantageous traits.

(ii) Cutting of desirable genes and vector DNA by molecular scissors – Once identified, the desired gene and the vector DNA are cut using molecular scissors (restriction enzymes).

(iii) Linking of desirable genes with vector DNA – The desired gene is then inserted into the vector DNA to form recombinant DNA.

(iv) Introduction of the identified DNA into the host: Once the DNA with the desired genes has been identified, it needs to be introduced into the cells of the host organism. This is achieved through various techniques, such as using vectors like plasmids to carry the DNA into the host cells, or employing gene-editing technologies to precisely insert or modify the DNA at specific locations in the host's genome.

(v) Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer to its progeny: After the DNA with the desirable genes has been successfully introduced into the host organism, it is essential to ensure that the modified DNA is stably integrated into the host's genome. This step ensures that the introduced genes are effectively expressed and function as intended. Additionally, for organisms that reproduce sexually, the genetically modified DNA must be passed on to the organism's offspring during reproduction, allowing the desired traits to be inherited by subsequent generations.

By following these three basic steps, researchers can genetically modify organisms to exhibit specific traits or characteristics that can be beneficial in various fields, including agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. However, it is important to conduct such genetic modifications with careful consideration of ethical, safety, and environmental implications.