Match List I with List II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

The correct answer is option 1. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV.

A. Pain killers - II. Analgesic:

Analgesics, commonly known as painkillers, are medications used to relieve pain. They work by interfering with the transmission of pain signals along the nerves or by altering the brain's perception of pain. There are several types of analgesics, including:

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): These medications, like ibuprofen and aspirin, work by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate pain associated with conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and minor injuries.

Acetaminophen: This analgesic relieves pain and reduces fever, but unlike NSAIDs, it does not have anti-inflammatory properties. It's commonly used for mild to moderate pain relief and is often recommended for people who cannot take NSAIDs due to stomach issues or other concerns.

Opioids: These are potent painkillers that work by binding to specific receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body to reduce the perception of pain. They are typically prescribed for severe pain, such as that experienced after surgery or due to certain medical conditions. However, opioids carry a risk of dependence and can cause side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression.

Other medications: There are also other classes of medications used as analgesics, such as muscle relaxants, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants, which may be prescribed for specific types of pain, such as neuropathic pain or chronic pain conditions.

It's essential to use painkillers as directed by a healthcare professional and to be aware of their potential side effects and risks, especially with long-term or high-dose use. Additionally, combining certain painkillers or using them with other medications can increase the risk of adverse effects, so it's crucial to consult a doctor or pharmacist before starting any new pain management regimen.

B. Treatment of infections - III. Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are a class of medications used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Here's how they typically function:

Bactericidal antibiotics: These antibiotics directly kill bacteria. They achieve this by disrupting the formation of the bacterial cell wall, interfering with essential bacterial enzymes, or disrupting bacterial protein synthesis. Examples of bactericidal antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones.

Bacteriostatic antibiotics: These antibiotics inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, allowing the body's immune system to effectively eliminate the bacteria. Bacteriostatic antibiotics achieve this by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis or DNA replication. Examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics include tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.

Antibiotics are prescribed based on several factors, including the type of bacteria causing the infection, the severity of the infection, the patient's medical history, and any allergies they may have. It's crucial to take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional and to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. Failure to complete the full course of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and increase the risk of recurrent infections.

It's important to note that antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Using antibiotics to treat viral infections is not only ineffective but also contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when prescribed by a healthcare professional for bacterial infections.

C. Reducing fever - I. Antipyretics:

Antipyretics are medications used to reduce fever. They work by lowering the body's temperature, which helps alleviate discomfort and other symptoms associated with fever. The most commonly used antipyretics are:

Acetaminophen (paracetamol): Acetaminophen is a widely used antipyretic and pain reliever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are substances in the body that contribute to fever and pain. Acetaminophen is available over-the-counter and is often used to reduce fever in both children and adults.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen are also effective antipyretics. They work by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of prostaglandins, which helps lower body temperature. NSAIDs are available over-the-counter and are commonly used to relieve fever and associated symptoms.

These antipyretic medications are typically safe and effective when used as directed. However, it's important to follow dosage instructions carefully, especially when giving antipyretics to children, and to avoid exceeding the recommended dose. Additionally, individuals with certain medical conditions or allergies should consult a healthcare professional before taking antipyretic medications.

While antipyretics can help reduce fever and alleviate symptoms, they do not treat the underlying cause of the fever. Fever is often a symptom of an underlying illness or infection, so it's essential to seek medical attention if fever persists or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

D. Treatment of depression - IV. Tranquillizers:

Treatment of depression typically involves antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. Tranquilizers, also known as benzodiazepines, are not typically used as first-line treatments for depression. Instead, they are primarily prescribed for anxiety disorders or for short-term relief of severe anxiety symptoms.

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on the central nervous system. While they can provide rapid relief of anxiety symptoms, they are generally not recommended as long-term treatments for depression due to the risk of dependence, tolerance, and potential for misuse.

The mainstay of treatment for depression includes:

Antidepressant Medications: There are several classes of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and others. These medications work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are believed to play a role in mood regulation.

Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy or counseling, involves meeting with a mental health professional to discuss thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are two common types of psychotherapy used to treat depression. They help individuals learn coping skills, challenge negative thought patterns, and improve interpersonal relationships.

Other Treatments: In some cases, other treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be considered for individuals who do not respond to antidepressant medications or psychotherapy.

It's important for individuals with depression to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on their symptoms, medical history, and individual needs. Additionally, monitoring for side effects and adjusting treatment as needed is an essential part of managing depression effectively.