What has the conception of natural rights been widely used to oppose?

The exercise of arbitrary power by states and governments

The correct answer is Option 1 - The exercise of arbitrary power by states and governments

The conception of natural rights has been used to oppose the arbitrary exercise of power by states and governments, thus safeguarding individual freedom.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, political theorists argued that rights are given to us by nature or God. The rights of men were derived from natural law. This meant that rights were not conferred by a ruler or a society, rather we are born with them. As such these rights are inalienable and no one can take these away from us. They identified three natural rights of man: the right to life, liberty and property. All other rights were said to be derived from these basic rights. The idea that we are born with certain rights, is a very powerful notion because it implies that no state or organisation should take away what has been given by the law of nature. This conception of natural rights has been used widely to oppose the exercise of arbitrary power by states and governments and to safeguard individual freedom.