The social reform movements which emerged in India in the 19th century arose to the challenges that colonial Indian society faced. Before this, there were attempts to eradicate social evils existing in Indian society. However, 19th and 20th-century social reform attempts were different in several levels. Sociologist Satish Saberwal elaborates on this development by sketching three aspects of modern times (a) modes of communication, (b) forms of organization, and (c) the nature of ideas. New technologies speeded up various forms of communication. Within India, social reformers from Punjab and Bengal exchanged ideas with reformers from Madras and Maharashtra. Some of them went to other countries, while people and organizations came to India reaching remote corners of the country.

Which of the following strengthened the social reform movement in India?

Combination of modern ideas with a new look at traditional literature. Structural and cultural changes introduced to India by colonialism. Both options 1 & 2. None of the above.

Both options 1 & 2.

The combination of modern ideas with traditional literature has strengthened the social reform movement in India. The Structural-cultural changes introduced to India by colonialism were further contributing to this.