Which of the following is not a part of downstream processing?

Biosynthesis

The correct answer is Option (4)- Biosynthesis

The process of separating and purifying expressed proteins or products before marketing is known as Downstream Processing. Downstream processing is a crucial stage in biotechnological processes, especially in the production of biopharmaceuticals and other bio-based products. It involves the purification and separation of the target product from the complex mixture of biological molecules produced during the bioprocess.

Downstream processing involves a series of steps that occur after the production of a desired product (such as recombinant proteins, enzymes, or pharmaceuticals) using biotechnological methods. This phase involves purification, separation, and refinement techniques to isolate and purify the target product from the biological source. These methods include various purification techniques such as chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, and other specialized processes aimed at obtaining the final product in a highly purified and concentrated form suitable for medical or commercial use.

Downstream processing facilitates quality control by enabling the analysis and characterization of the final product. Various analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and spectroscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are employed to assess the purity, identity and activity of the product. These tests ensure that the product meets the desired specifications and is safe for use.

Therefore, the correct term for the process of separating and purifying expressed proteins or products before marketing is Downstream Processing.