Match List - I with List - II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

The correct answer is Option (1) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

A. Mutualism is an interaction that benefits both species involved. One example of mutualism is the symbiotic relationship between lichens .Lichens consist of a fungus and photosynthetic algae, and they rely on each other for survival. The fungus provides a protected environment and absorbs water and nutrients, while the photosynthetic partner conducts photosynthesis and produces energy-rich carbohydrates that benefit both organisms.Another example is mycorrhizae, where fungi form associations with the roots of higher plants.

B. Commensalism refers to an interaction between species where one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. The interaction between sea anemones and clownfish demonstrates commensalism. The clownfish find protection among the anemone's stinging tentacles, which deter potential predators. The anemone does not seem to derive any apparent benefit from hosting the clownfish.

C. Brood parasitism in birds is a fascinating example of parasitism in which the parasitic bird lays its eggs in the nest of its host and lets the host incubate them.e.g. the movements of the cuckoo (koel) and the crow during the breeding season (spring to summer) and watch brood parasitism in action.

D. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. The Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos Islands became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced on the island, apparently due to the greater browsing efficiency of the goats.