The correct answer is option (4)- A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I.
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List I
(Features of planning)
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List II
(Related explanation)
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| A. Primary function of management |
III. Lays down the base for other functions of management |
| B. Pervasive |
IV. Required at all levels of management as well as in all departments |
| C. Involves decision making |
II. Involves choosing from among various alternatives |
| D. Mental exercise |
I. Requires logical and systematic thinking |
A. Primary function of management - III. Lays down the base for other functions of management.
Planning is a primary function of management: Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions. This is also referred to as the primacy of planning. The various functions of management are interrelated and equally important. However, planning provides the basis of all other functions.
B. Pervasive - IV. Required at all levels of management as well as in all departments.
Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management nor of any particular department. But the scope of planning differs at different levels and among different departments.
C. Involves decision making - II. Planning essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities.
Planning involves decision making: Planning essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities. If there is only one possible goal or a possible course of action, there is no need for planning because there is no choice. The need for planning arises only when alternatives are available. In actual practice, planning presupposes the existence of alternatives. Planning, thus, involves thorough examination and evaluation of each alternative and choosing the most appropriate one.
D. Mental exercise - I. Requires logical and systematic thinking.
Planning is a mental exercise: Planning requires application of the mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination and sound judgement. It is basically an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing, because planning determines the action to be taken. However, planning requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guess work or wishful thinking. | 
