Target Exam

CUET

Subject

Chemistry

Chapter

Inorganic: D and F Block Elements

Question:

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

There are mainly four series of the transition metals, 3d series (Sc to Zn), 4d series (Y to Cd), 5d series (La and Hf to Hg) and 6d series which has Ac and elements from Rf to Cn. The two series of the inner transition metals; 4f (Ce to Lu) and 5f (Th to Lr) are known as lanthanoids and actinoids respectively. Their chemical properties are transitional between those of s and p-block elements. The transition metals (with the exception of Zn, Cd and Hg) are very hard and have low volatility. Their melting and boiling points are high. Transition metals have incomplete d subshell either in neutral atom or in their ions. With partly filled d orbitals these elements exhibit certain characteristic properties such as display of a variety of oxidation states, formation of coloured ions and entering into complex formation with a variety of ligands. The transition metals and their compounds are known for their catalytic activity.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Options:

All transition metals have high volatility.

Due to an increase in nuclear charge, there is an increase in the ionization enthalpy along the transition series from left to right.

The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of fewer number of electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding.

shielding effect of d-electrons is less than that of 4f electrons

Correct Answer:

Due to an increase in nuclear charge, there is an increase in the ionization enthalpy along the transition series from left to right.

Explanation:

The correct answer is Option (2) → Due to an increase in nuclear charge, there is an increase in the ionization enthalpy along the transition series from left to right.

1. All transition metals have high volatility. (Incorrect) 

  • The Statement: "All transition metals have high volatility."

  • The Reality: The provided passage explicitly states that transition metals (excluding Zn, Cd, and Hg) have low volatility. High volatility implies weak intermolecular forces, whereas transition metals generally have very strong metallic bonding.

2.Due to an increase in nuclear charge, there is an increase in the ionization enthalpy along the transition series from left to right. (Correct)

As we move from left to right across a transition series, the nuclear charge increases because protons are added to the nucleus. Although electrons are added to the $(n-1)d$ subshell, they do not perfectly shield the outer $s$ electrons from the increasing nuclear pull. This results in a general increase in ionization enthalpy across the series.


3 The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of fewer number of electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding. (Incorrect)

  • The Statement: "The high melting points... are attributed to the involvement of fewer number of electrons..."

  • The Reality: The high melting points are actually due to the involvement of a greater number of electrons (from both $ns$ and $(n-1)d$ orbitals) in interatomic metallic bonding. The more electrons available for bonding, the stronger the lattice and the higher the melting point.

4. shielding effect of d-electrons is less than that of 4f electrons (Incorrect)

  • The Statement: "shielding effect of d-electrons is less than that of 4f electrons"

  • The Reality: This is factually reversed. The $4f$ electrons have the poorest shielding effect due to the diffused shape of the $f$-orbitals. The shielding power order is $s > p > d > f$. The poor shielding of $4f$ electrons is what leads to the "Lanthanoid Contraction."

Summary Table of Properties from the Passage

Property Description for Transition Metals
Volatility Generally low (except Zn, Cd, Hg)
Hardness Very hard (except Zn, Cd, Hg)
Melting/Boiling Points High due to strong metallic bonding
Ionization Enthalpy Increases from left to right due to nuclear charge