Read the passage and answer the following questions:

Mrs. Sharma is a mother of two children aged 7 and 9 years. Both of them are very notorious and do not listen to her instructions. With every passing day, it is becoming difficult for her to regulate their behaviour. She is not able to discipline them, which she considers an important part of a successful life. One day, she comes across an article in which it is mentioned that if a mother observes behavioural issues in her child, she can apply a technique to modify the undesirable behavior of the child. According to this technique, Mrs. Sharma can give coupons to her children whenever they exhibit desirable behaviours. The coupons could later be exchanged by them for some tangible things such as candy, toys etc. Surprisingly, this technique worked very effectively with her children. In another article she came to know about another technique to modify behavior in which undesirable behavior can be reduced, and desirable behavior can be increased simultaneously.

The techniques used by Mrs. Sharma may be effective with children who are having issues related to:

Behavioural problems

The correct answer is Option (4) → Behavioural problems

The passage explicitly states that Mrs. Sharma is struggling to regulate the behavior of her children. The techniques she reads about and applies are designed to modify undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior. This entire process falls under the category of behavior modification.

• The first method she applied — giving coupons for desirable behaviours that can be exchanged for tangible rewards — is a token economy system, a well-known technique in behaviour therapy.

• The second method she learned about — reducing undesirable behaviour while increasing desirable behaviour simultaneously — refers to differential reinforcement.