Arrange the following in the sequence as they happened in Indian Economy:
(A) Green Revolution
(B) Liberalisation
(C) Land Reform Policies
(D) Raiyatwari System
(E) Agrarian Distress
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → (D), (C), (A), (B), (E)
(D) Raiyatwari System — a colonial system of land settlement in areas under direct British rule, in which the ‘actual cultivators’ rather than the zamindars paid the land tax.
(C) Land Reform Policies — after independence, from the 1950s to the 1970s, a series of land reform laws was passed: the abolition of zamindari, tenancy laws and land ceiling acts.
(A) Green Revolution — the government programme of agricultural modernisation of the 1960s and 1970s, based on high-yielding seeds, fertilisers and pesticides.
(B) Liberalisation — the policy the Indian state took up since 1991 to open the economy to the world market, which exposed Indian agriculture to the forces of globalisation.
(E) Agrarian Distress — the spate of farmers’ suicides since 1997–98 has been linked to agrarian distress caused by structural changes in agriculture, liberalisation policies among them.
NCERT (2025-26): “The Colonial Period … Many districts of colonial India were administered through the zamindari system. In other areas that were under direct British rule had what was called the raiyatwari system of land settlement (raiyat means cultivator in Telugu). In this system, the ‘actual cultivators’ (who were themselves often landlords and not cultivators) rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the tax.…” “Independent India … After India became independent, Nehru and his policy advisors embarked on a programme of planned development that focused on agrarian reform as well as industrialisation. The policymakers were responding to the dismal agricultural situation in India at that time. This was marked by low productivity, dependence on imported food grains, and the intense poverty of a large section of the rural population. They felt that a major reform in the agrarian structure, and especially in the landholding system and the distribution of land, was necessary if agriculture were to progress. From the 1950s to the 1970s, a series of land reform laws were passed – at the national level as well as in the states – that were intended to bring about these changes.…” “4.3 The Green Revolution and its Social Consequences … We saw that land reforms have had only a limited impact on rural society and the agrarian structure in most regions. In contrast the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s brought about significant changes in the areas where it took place.…”
Box 4.3, Farmers’ suicides |
