Which hypothesis compares ecosystems to airplanes and suggests that the functioning of the ecosystem can be affected by the loss of specific species?

Rivet popper hypothesis

The correct answer is (4)- Rivet popper hypothesis.

The Rivet popper hypothesis is an ecological concept that likens ecosystems to airplanes. According to this hypothesis, ecosystems are comparable to an airplane, where the removal of some rivets (species) may not have an immediate impact on the airplane's flight safety (ecosystem functioning). However, if too many rivets (species) are lost, the structural integrity of the airplane (ecosystem) can be compromised, leading to a decline in its overall functioning and stability.

In ecological terms, this means that ecosystems can tolerate the loss of some species without significant consequences. However, if a critical number of species are lost, the ecosystem's ability to function properly, provide essential services, and maintain its balance may be jeopardized. This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of biodiversity and highlights the potential risks associated with species loss and ecosystem degradation.