What are two basic perspectives that functioned as the basis of the nineteenth-century social reform movement in India?

Influence of western liberalism and new perspectives on traditional literature. Secularism and Modernism Secularism and nationalism American democratic values.

Influence of western liberalism and new perspectives on traditional literature.

It is not that attempts were not made to fight social discrimination in pre-colonial India. They were central to Buddhism. They were central to Bhakti and Sufi movements. What marked these 19th century social reform attempts was the modern context and mix of ideas. It was a creative combination of modern ideas of western liberalism and a new look on traditional literature.