Match List I with List II
| LIST I | LIST II | ||
| A. | Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or object | I. | Aggression |
| B. | The act of aggression which is meant to obtain certain goal or object | II. | Violence |
| C. | Expression of anger towards the target with the intent of harming others with no wish to obtain anything | III. | Instrumental aggression |
| D. | Behaviour intended to cause harm to others | IV. | Hostile aggression |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(A) Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or object — this matches (II) Violence. Violence may or may not involve an intention to harm: kicking a motorbike only to start it is violent but not aggressive.
(B) The act of aggression which is meant to obtain certain goal or object — this matches (III) Instrumental aggression. The aggression is a means to an end, as when a bully slaps a new student to snatch the newcomer’s chocolate.
(C) Expression of anger towards the target with the intent of harming others with no wish to obtain anything — this matches (IV) Hostile aggression. The aim is harm itself, as when a criminal beats up a person for mentioning his name to the police.
(D) Behaviour intended to cause harm to others — this matches (I) Aggression. Psychologists use the term for any behaviour that is intended to cause harm to another person, shown in action, in harsh words, or even in hostile feelings.
Note: The meanings of aggression, violence and instrumental aggression, and hostile aggression as an expression of anger, were there in the chapter ‘Psychology and Life’ of the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023, and are not there in the NCERT book (2025-26). The NCERT book (2025-26) names hostile aggression only among the kinds of aggressive behaviour children show. Hence this question has been picked from the pre-rationalised NCERT.
NCERT (2025-26): “…Children show many different types of aggressive behaviour, such as verbal aggression (i.e. name-calling, swearing), physical aggression (i.e. hitting, fighting), hostile aggression (i.e. directed at inflicting injury to others), and proactive aggression (i.e. dominating and bullying others without provocation).…” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “Aggression, Violence and Peace … Psychologists use the term ‘aggression’ to refer to any behaviour by one person/ persons that is intended to cause harm to another person/persons. It can be demonstrated in actual action or through the use of harsh words or criticism, or even hostile feelings against others. Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or object is described as violence. Some psychologists distinguish aggression from violence by pointing out that aggressive behaviour involves the intention to harm or injure another person, whereas violence may or may not involve such an intention. For example, burning buses or other public property during a riot is called violence as well as aggression. But, suppose you see a person kicking a motorbike violently. Her/his intention may be only to start the vehicle and, therefore, this act will not be considered a case of aggression. On the other hand, the person may also perform the violent act in order to damage the vehicle, because it belongs to a person s/he dislikes. In this case, because harm was intended, the act would be called a case of aggression. A distinction is also made between instrumental aggression and hostile aggression. In instrumental aggression, the act of aggression is meant to obtain a certain goal or object. For example, a bully slaps a new student in school so that s/he can snatch the newcomer’s chocolate. Hostile aggression is that which is shown as an expression of anger towards the target, with the intention of harming her/ him, even if the aggressor does not wish to obtain anything from the victim. For example, a criminal may beat up a person in the community for mentioning his name to the police.…” |