In the absence of ..................there is overlapping and chaos instead of harmony and integration of activities.

Coordination

The correct answer is option 4- Coordination.

In the absence of COORDINATION, there is overlapping and chaos instead of harmony and integration of activities.

When people or groups don't coordinate their actions or efforts, it's like everyone is doing their own thing without talking to each other. This lack of communication and collaboration leads to overlapping, where different individuals or teams might end up working on the same thing or working against each other. The absence of coordination leads to overlapping, chaos, and a lack of harmony, whereas coordination promotes integration and a more organized, efficient way of getting things done.

Coordination is required at all levels of management due to the interdependent nature of activities of various departments. It integrates the efforts of different departments and different levels. The purchase, production and sales departmental efforts have to be coordinated by managers for achieving organisational objectives harmoniously. In the absence of coordination there is overlapping and chaos instead of harmony and integration of activities.

OTHER OPTIONS

• Planning- Planning is the function of determining in advance what is to be done and who is to do it. This implies setting goals in advance and developing a way of achieving them efficiently and effectively.

• Organising- Organising is the management function of assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources required to carry out a specific plan. Once a specific plan has been established for the accomplishment of an organisational goal, the organising function examines the activities and resources required to implement the plan.

• Controlling- Controlling is the management function of monitoring organisational performance towards the attainment of organisational goals. The task of controlling involves establishing standards of performance, measuring current performance, comparing this with established standards and taking corrective action where any deviation is found.