What was the estimated growth rate of India's per capita output during the first half of the twentieth century?

Less than 0.5%

During the colonial period, the colonial government did not make any genuine effort to accurately determine India's national and per capita income. Various individual attempts were made to estimate these incomes, but they often produced conflicting and inconsistent results. Notable individuals who made such estimations include Dadabhai Naoroji, William Digby, Findlay Shirras, V.K.R.V. Rao, and R.C. Desai. Among them, V.K.R.V. Rao's estimates were particularly regarded as significant during the colonial era. Nevertheless, most studies conducted indicate that India experienced a modest growth in aggregate real output during the first half of the twentieth century, averaging less than two percent. The growth in per capita output was even more limited, with an annual increase of only half a percent.