Which of the following is the application of sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science and engineering to matters of law and to the identification of various facts of civilian investigation?

Forensic science

The correct answer is Option (3) - Forensic science

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary field that applies principles and techniques from various scientific disciplines to legal matters and investigations. It encompasses the application of knowledge and methods from fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering to analyze evidence and provide scientific support to legal investigations and proceedings.

Here's an explanation of how different scientific disciplines contribute to forensic science:

1. Physics: Physics principles are applied in forensic investigations to analyze various types of physical evidence, such as ballistics (study of firearms and ammunition), accident reconstructions (e.g., vehicle collisions), and the analysis of patterns (e.g., blood spatter patterns).
2. Chemistry: Chemistry plays a crucial role in forensic analysis, particularly in the examination of substances such as drugs, toxic substances, explosives, and trace evidence like fibers, paints, and glass. Techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy are commonly used to analyze chemical compositions.
3. Biology: Biological sciences, including genetics, molecular biology, and anatomy, are utilized in forensic investigations involving biological evidence such as DNA analysis, bloodstain pattern analysis, forensic anthropology (identification of human remains), and forensic entomology (study of insects in legal investigations).
4. Computer Science: With the increasing reliance on digital technologies, computer science has become integral to forensic investigations involving digital evidence, such as data recovery, cybersecurity, digital forensics (examination of electronic devices), and forensic analysis of digital images and videos.
5. Engineering: Engineering principles are applied in various forensic investigations, such as accident reconstructions (e.g., structural failures, fires), forensic biomechanics (study of injuries and their causes), and forensic engineering (analysis of mechanical systems and components).

Forensic science aims to provide objective and scientifically sound analysis of evidence to support legal proceedings, including criminal investigations, civil litigation, and regulatory matters. By integrating knowledge and techniques from multiple scientific disciplines, forensic scientists help uncover facts, establish the truth, and ensure justice in legal matters.